In evolutionary history, these three coronaviruses have some similar biological features as well as some different mutational characteristics. Zhang Q, Wang Y, Qi C, Shen L, Li J. J Med Virol. For patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and circulatory support are recommended. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. There are approximately 15 potential vaccine candidates in the pipeline globally using a wide range of approaches (such as messenger RNA, DNA, nanoparticle, and synthetic and modified virus-like particles). ACE2 is also widely expressed on the mucosa, such as the eyelid, nasal cavity, lip, and oral cavity. Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang XL, Hu B, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Yan B, Shi ZL, Zhou P. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. This book provides a clearly structured introduction to hydrogen biology and medicine. Hydrogen is the one of the most abundant elements in the universe and has the simplest structure. Crameri G, Durr PA, Barr J, Yu M, Graham K, Williams OJ, Kayali G, Smith D, Peiris M, Mackenzie JS, Wang LF. Compared to the previous SARS and MERS outbreaks, we found that COVID-19 has a few similarities with regard to the infection source and clinical symptoms, but it also some differences. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. Gong SR, Bao LL. Xue-Yan Zhang, Hao-Jie Huang and Dong-Lin Zhuang contributed equally to this work. Scientists Uncover Biological Signatures of the Worst Covid-19 Cases Studies of patients with severe cases of Covid-19 show the immune system lacks its usual coordinated response. 2020;395(10223):497–506. To start, policy-makers should invest in solutions to minimize the evidence-based Top 10 Threats outlined by Children First Canada. Biological Effects During the Pandemic. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. ); (4) density (mostly uneven, crazy-paving pattern mixed with ground glass opacity and interlobular septal thickening, consolidation and thickened bronchial wall, etc. Broad Spectrum antiviral agent Niclosamide and its therapeutic potential. Recommendations on the use of COVID-19 vaccines on July 2. o Anyone receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine should be informed of the risk of myocarditis and pericarditis and advised to seek medical attention if they develop symptoms, which include shortness of breath, chest pain, or the feeling of a rapid or abnormal heart rhythm. 2020;7:4. 2016;10:377–82. However, some associated allergic symptoms have been reported for both vaccines. eCollection 2021 Jul. Both Phase I clinical trials reported positive results, but only one will proceed to the Phase 2 trial. COVID-19 can make blood cells more likely to clump up and form clots. Beware the Biological Effects of Coronavirus Policy on Children. Epidemiological changes have been monitored, taking into account potential routes of transmission and subclinical infections. Google ScholarÂ. J Autoimmun. 2020;51:841–51. This letter urged the government to prioritize the opening of schools to prevent widening inequalities, disruption of learning and the inability to deliver essential supports for children, including mental health supports, therapies, school meals and early years services. PubMed Central  The International Symposium on Biological Effects of Magnetic and Electrom- netic Fields was held from September 3-4, 1993 at Kyushu University in Fukuoka . Japan . University of California provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation US. Complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute heart injury, and secondary infections. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features. Mohamed NA, Solehan HM, Mohd Rani MD, Ithnin M, Che Isahak CI. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters. Yong CY, Ong HK, Yeap SK, Ho KL, Tan WS. Editor's Note: This is the fifth in a series of reports on the lasting impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. military.. As the COVID-19 pandemic erupted last spring, entire swaths of . 2020;295:18. Although these animals themselves do not cause disease, they can act as vectors for the virus and transmit it to humans; during this process, some viruses may mutate and evolve new characteristics. It is essential to analyze the infection source, transmission route, susceptible population and replication rate, especially the intermediate host and the exact route of transmission, to find the best measures to prevent the further spread of COVID-19. Cureus. Absence of MERS-CoV antibodies in feral camels in Australia: Implications for the pathogen's origin and spread. volume 9, Article number: 99 (2020) Policymakers and institutional leaders have already begun to respond to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic on researchers. Correspondence to Tian Y, Rong L, Nian W, He Y. Led by Kathryn Cullen, MD, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, researchers in this study will examine psychological and biological effects of COVID-19, both from the overall COVID-19 pandemic situation—including public health restrictions, economic downturn—as well as the direct effects of COVID-19 infection. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Eurosurveillance Editorial T. Note from the editors: novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). However, Moderna Vaccine has been recommended to people 18 years of age and older, with a dose of 50 μg (0.5 mL) at a cost of $32-37. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. Emerg Microbes Infect. Cite this article. The long-term biological effects of COVID-19 stress on kids' future health and development by Michael S. Kobor, Candice Odgers, Kim Schmidt, Ruanne Vent-Schmidt, The Conversation Stressors put on. Research on identifying effective drugs has started, and there have been many in vitro and in vivo experiments being conducted [24]. New Delhi: There are as many as 55 long-term effects of Covid-19 that affect the body, with fatigue being the most common symptom among recovered patients, according to researchers who reviewed existing studies on the virus. Chen H, Wu YQ, Fang YL, Liao P, Zhao KC, Deng Y, He NY. Grandparents, teachers, coaches, other important adults and close-knit communities in the lives of children are offering inspiring examples of how to creatively connect and support children digitally and in physically, but not socially, distanced ways. However, those who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 rarely have significant upper respiratory signs and symptoms, including nosebleed, sneezing or sore throat, which indicates that the target cell may exist in the lower respiratory tract. Xiao S, Li Y, Sung M, Wei J, Yang Z. For MERS, there is only one published clinical study on a vaccine developed by GeneOne Life Science & Inovio Pharmaceuticals [26]. Diagnosis based on clinical manifestations can be an early and rapid screening method. This book provides a comprehensive overview of recent novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, their biology and associated challenges for their treatment and prevention of novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). One Health. Found insideThe scientific program of the meeting was divided into 9 sessions including lO keynote presentations. The meeting opened with a session on epidemiology, evolution and genome structure. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The infection sources include patients, virus carriers, and infected animals that serve as viral reservoirs. Epidemic and emerging coronaviruses (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). According to Yang et al., the case fatality ratio (CFR) during the first weeks of the epidemic ranged from 0.15% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.12–0.18%) in mainland China excluding Hubei t 1.41% (95% CI: 1.38–1.45%) in Hubei Province excluding the city of Wuhan to 5.25% (95% CI: 4.98–5.51%) in Wuhan City based on data from the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission and the China and National Health Commission of China [28]. Italy, Iran, US happen to be the worst hit countries in addition to China, which is the epicentre of the outbreak. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Found insideThis book series consists of 3 volumes covering the basic science (Volume 1), clinical science (Volume 2) and the technology and methodology (Volume 3) of autophagy. These vaccines can protect recipients from a SARS-CoV- 2 infection by formation of antibodies and provide immunity against a SARS-CoV-2 infection. A bad case of COVID-19 can produce scarring and other permanent problems in the lungs, but even mild infections can cause persistent shortness of breath — getting winded easily after even light exertion. At present, clinically confirmed patients are usually diagnosed by collecting throat swabs and then detecting the nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2. As the peak begins to slow in many countries, the death rates remain high amidst justified fears of a second wave. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle. It is possible that drinking excessively during the pandemic could interfere with the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) and worsening the prognosis. The history of vaccination is replete with scientific evidence of adverse effects through enhanced pathogenicity, mutation, recombination, induced immune system dysfunction, and various non-specific effects following . In addition to an unprecedented disease and its global response, COVID-19 also initiated an unprecedented process of vaccine research, production, testing, and public distribution (Shaw,2021). This review compares the multifaceted characteristics of the three coronaviruses including COVID-19, SARS and MERS. Based on the currently available literature, both vaccines are beneficial to provide immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics. N Engl J Med. Many of these are caused by diseases, algal blooms, insects, animals, species extinction, deforestation, land degradation, and comet and asteroid strikes that have important implications for humans. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07816. Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X. Homologous recombination within the spike glycoprotein of the newly identified coronavirus may boost cross-species transmission from snake to human. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Moreover, a recent experiment conducted with recovering patients found that SARS-CoV-2 can also exist in the patient’s stool, suggesting that the fecal-oral route may be a route of transmisson [36]. The pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 is clear, as shown in Fig. There is no evidence that people with certain characteristics are not susceptible to COVID-19. We searched for studies on each outbreak and their solutions and found that the main biological differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are in ORF1a and the sequence of gene spike coding protein-S. We also found that the types and severity of clinical symptoms vary, which means that the diagnosis and nursing measures also require differentiation. Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of Life Sciences examines current trends and future objectives of research in public health, life sciences, and biomedical science that contain applications relevant to developments in biological ... 2018;10:1423–8. Conclusions: We examined the levels of psychological distress, anxiety, depression, and stress during the COVID-19 outbreak in a Mexican sample. This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0108700), the NSFC Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges (81720102004), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81974019, 81970248). 2020;395:311. And with the Covid-19 pandemic, quitting smoking has become more important than ever. Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine has been recommended to people 16 years of age and older, with a dose of 30 μg (0.3 m) at a cost of $19.50. Creative and safe plans are required for reopening schools and allowing safe social interactions. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are currently in development, and there are at least two kinds currently ready for testing. This provides an effective method of facilitating crowd tracking and monitoring. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. In an explosive interview American Dr Francis Boyle, who had drafted the Biological Weapons Act, has stated that COVID-19 is an offensive Biological Warfare Weapon, which leaked from the Biosafety Level 4 laboratory (BSL-4) at Wuhan. LEU: Leucine, PHE: Phenylalanine, MET: Methionine, VAL: Valine), ILE: Isoleucine, TRP: Ttryptophan, TYR: Tyrosine. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin; 2020. Searching for the hosts of the virus, or for the infection sources, is a vital process in understanding the viral dynamics. A total of 5 490 640 cases have been diagnosed, and 346 328 deaths have occurred worldwide. Animal Model Exp Med. 2019;10:1781. 2018;1:125–33. 2020;95:221–3. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) determined that SARS-CoV-2 infection is the cause of the outbreak that started in in Wuhan City (CDC, 2020) [3]. Though it's been around 6 months since the virus struck China and the world, not much is known about its origin. Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla A, Memish ZA. The SARS-CoV-2 has a certain degree of homology with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The receptor output was also saved in PDBQT format. There was one SARS vaccine trial conducted by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Close bonds between parents and children are protective against the harmful, long-term effects of financial insecurity on the immune system — extending into adulthood. Google ScholarÂ. Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial. 2020;95:183–91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00691-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00691-6. Long after the fire of a Covid-19 infection, mental and neurological effects can still smolder. The public health response to the coronavirus pandemic produces stressors—reduced family income, food insecurity, parental stress . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding organizations. Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee October 22, 2020 Meeting Presentation . Based on the available data, all three coronaviruses can be transmitted by breathing respiratory droplets that contain virions, which indicates that wearing masks is an effective means of protecting susceptible people. The cluster of cases in the seafood market was comprehensively analyzed, and sequence comparison revealed that pangolins are the most likely intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2 [30]. There are several biological pathways that can be modulated by early life experiences, but epigenetics — a process that turns genes “on” or “off” — is particularly well-studied. and from Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumonia, and bacterial pneumonia. Efficacy and sustainability of natural products in COVID-19 treatment development: opportunities and challenges in using agro-industrial waste from. PubMed Central  Covid-19 pandemic has led to the loss of millions of lives around the world and is far from over. The presence of warm and supportive adults can protect children from stressful life events. Previously, we focused on cutting off transmission routes mainly by limiting contact and preventing respiratory droplet transmission. 2021 Aug 18;607:121024. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121024. The COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild adverse effects after the first or second doses, including pain, redness or swelling at the site of vaccine shot, fever, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, itching, chills, and joint pain, and can also rarely cause anaphylactic shock. 2020. Zhou T, Liu Q, Yang Z, Liao J, Yang K, Bai W, Lu X, Zhang W. Preliminary prediction of the basic reproduction number of the Wuhan novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. PubMed  Five studies on hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir plus ritonavir and arbidol, mesenchymal stem cells, traditional Chinese medicine and glucocorticoid therapy usage have commenced recruitment, and the other four are on antivirals, interferon atomization, darunavir and cobicistat, Arbidol, and remdesivir [24]. A rapid worldwide mobilization has begun to identify effective treatments and . The latest version of treatment guidelines for COVID-19, SARS and MERS were also searched in the Pubmed database. However, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were also identified as having zoonotic origins, and the animal reservoirs seemed to be bats [9, 32]. This volume represents the most authoritative source of information on coronaviruses collected together in a single work. Nanduri S, Pilishvili T, Derado G, Soe MM, Dollard P, Wu H, Li Q, Bagchi S, Dubendris H, Link-Gelles R, Jernigan JA, Budnitz D, Bell J, Benin A, Shang N, Edwards JR, Verani JR, Schrag SJ. According to the research by Wang, XF, et al. We searched the published journal article and website information for COVID-19 in the Pubmed database and Web of science database within one year, including laboratory studies, hospital case reports, and clinical case analysis. We discovered through the autodock simulations that Met124 plays a key role in the efficiency of drugs targeting ACE2, such as remdesivir, chloroquine, ciclesonide and niclosamide, and may be a potential target in COVID-19. It is evident from the findings of Fig. For therapeutics, there are nine clinical trials registered with the clinical trials registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) investigating therapeutic agents for COVID-19. COVID-19 has been designated a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHIEC) [2]. J Med Virol. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. The binding affinities of remdesivir, chloroquine, Ciclenosid, Niclosamide and Lopinavirus to ACE2 were determined and compared. 2 The COVID-19 outbreak was confirmed to have reached Mexico on February 28, and on March 30, the Mexican government declared a . On the basis of the research by Hongzhou Lu, lopinavir/ritonavir, nucleoside analogs, neuraminidase inhibitors, remdesivir, peptide (EK1), Arbidol, RNA synthesis inhibitors (such as TDF, 3TC), anti-inflammatory drugs (such as hormones and other molecules), Chinese traditional medicine and so on could be therapies for COVID-19, but the effects and safety remain to be tested in clinical trials [27].